Overview
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. It affects both children and adults.
Types of ADHD
- Predominantly Inattentive: Difficulty organizing, paying attention, following instructions
- Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive: Fidgeting, interrupting, difficulty waiting turn
- Combined Presentation: Symptoms of both types equally present
Symptoms in Children
- Easily distracted
- Forgetfulness
- Difficulty completing tasks
- Trouble sitting still
- Excessive talking
- Difficulty waiting their turn
- Acting without thinking
Symptoms in Adults
- Disorganization
- Poor time management
- Difficulty focusing on tasks
- Restlessness
- Difficulty coping with stress
- Impulsiveness
- Relationship problems
- Substance misuse (in some cases)
Risk Factors
- Genetics (ADHD often runs in families)
- Brain injury
- Premature birth
- Environmental exposures (lead, pesticides)
- Maternal smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy
Diagnosis
Diagnosis requires comprehensive evaluation:- Medical history and physical exam
- Review of symptoms over time
- Rating scales and psychological tests
- Input from family members, teachers, or colleagues
- Rule out other conditions (sleep disorders, anxiety, learning disabilities)
Symptoms must:
- Begin in childhood
- Continue for 6+ months
- Be present in multiple settings
- Impair daily functioning
Treatment
Medications
Stimulants (most common and effective):- Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
- Amphetamines (Adderall)
- Work by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine
- Atomoxetine (Strattera)
- Guanfacine (Intuniv)
- Clonidine (Kapvay)
- Slower onset but fewer side effects
Behavioral Therapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- Parent training and family therapy
- Social skills training
- Organizational skills training
Lifestyle Management
- Regular physical exercise
- Consistent sleep schedule
- Organizational tools (planners, apps)
- Breaking tasks into smaller steps
- Minimizing distractions
- Mindfulness practices
Living with ADHD
For Adults:
- Use calendars and reminder systems
- Create structured routines
- Break large tasks into smaller ones
- Regular exercise
- Consider career choices that match strengths
- Build strong support network
For Parents:
- Create consistent routines
- Use positive reinforcement
- Provide clear, specific instructions
- Limit distractions during homework
- Work closely with teachers
- Consider school accommodations (IEP or 504 plan)
Complications
Untreated ADHD can lead to:- Poor school or work performance
- Relationship problems
- Substance abuse
- Accidents and injuries
- Financial problems
- Low self-esteem
- Depression and anxiety