Overview
COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. It is typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke.
Types of COPD
- Emphysema: Damage to air sacs (alveoli) walls
- Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation of bronchial tubes
Common Symptoms
- Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities
- Wheezing
- Chest tightness
- Chronic cough that may produce mucus
- Frequent respiratory infections
- Lack of energy
Risk Factors
- Smoking: Primary cause (85-90% of cases)
- Secondhand smoke exposure
- Occupational dust and chemicals
- Fumes from burning fuel
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (genetic)
- Age: Most people over 40
Diagnosis
- Spirometry: Breathing test - confirms COPD and severity
- Chest X-ray: Emphysema changes
- CT scan: Detailed lung images
- Arterial blood gas: Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
- CBC: Check for anemia or infection
Treatment
Medications
- Bronchodilators: Albuterol, ipratropium - open airways
- Inhaled steroids: Reduce inflammation
- Combination inhalers: Symbicort, Advair
- Oral steroids: Prednisone - for exacerbations
Oxygen Therapy
- Supplemental oxygen for severe COPD with low blood oxygen levels
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
- Exercise training
- Nutrition advice
- Breathing strategies